1.去消费的英文怎么写
2.高考英语翻译小窍门(2)
3.商务英语翻译必看技巧
4.英译汉常用的方法技巧
5.旅游增长知识知识英语小论文
6.针对旅游英语翻译有什么好的方法
7.消费用英语翻译一下
去消费的英文怎么写
问题一：进店请消费、用英语怎么写出来 Please expending when you e in
问题二：我要去消费，英语怎么讲 I need to shop,
I need to do a big shopping.
问题三：一般交易条件英文怎么写 一般交易条件
[词典] [经] general terms and conditions;
[例句]请仔细地阅读合同内的规格，价格，交货期和一般交易条件等。
Please read carefully the specifications, prices, time of delivery, general terms and conditions, etc.
问题四：用英文翻译：“一笔很划算的交易”要用到bargain This deal is a real bargain.
This trade is a really bargain.
问题五：导游有时会强制我们去消费的英文 Sometimes, the guide may force us to consume.
Sometimes, the guide may force us to shop things.
问题六：有三个商店学生们应该怎么去消费让他们节约钱英语作文 Mizuki Tongchuang, tilt of resources make and no longer cramped in Lok Lam period "Bibi runs. In this album, and simply start my own record producer. Is most important, creation condition of loose make and have the confidence to play, and market promotion
高考英语翻译小窍门(2)
通过详细的讲解，尽量使读者对这些不同现象和不同特点有较为深入的了解，并针对这些特点采取相应的翻译策略，在此基础上掌握其翻译原则。因此，《实用旅游英语翻译(英汉双向)》具有很强的实用价值，不仅可以作为旅游翻译实践的参考书，而且对起草相关的旅游文本也具有一定的参考价值。另外，经过考察，笔者发现目前有关旅游翻译探讨一般均作为实用文体翻译教程的一章，这样对问题的论述就无法特别详尽。而且，很多教材要么只谈英汉翻译，要么只谈汉英翻译，很少能将英汉和汉英翻译并重，而《实用旅游英语翻译(英汉双向)》正好可以填补以上两个空白。在笔者看来，英汉翻译教学和汉英翻译教学应该同步进行，这样可以使学生在翻译中对比两种语言的不同以及两种语言在不同文体中的相同和相异之处，做到英汉互译中能够模仿原语。具体说来，如果做完一篇英汉翻译，接着做同类型的汉英翻译时就可以模仿前面一篇英文原文中的表达方式，真正做到“译学相长”。《实用旅游英语翻译(英汉双向)》力争在分析旅游文本的不同特点、翻译原则和翻译策略方面做到细致透彻，深入浅出，将英汉两种语言对比及翻译技巧同旅游文本的特点有效结合。另外，《实用旅游英语翻译(英汉双向)》在选择语料方面力求与时俱进。在参考众多学者已有的研究成果、广泛收集各种旅游实践材料的基础上，增加笔者翻译实践的最新材料，力求材料新颖，使《实用旅游英语翻译(英汉双向)》真正富有实用性，更好地指导读者的旅游翻译实践。
商务英语翻译必看技巧
2017年高考英语翻译小窍门例1. A right kind of fuel is needed for an atomic reactor.
原子反应堆需要一种合适的燃料。
例2. By the end of the war， 800 people had been saved by the organization， but at a cost of 200 Belgian and French lives.
大战结束时，这个组织拯救了八百人，但那是以二百多比利时人和法国人的生命为代价的。
例3. And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes， and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.
许多人认为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比，而且认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门的训练才能掌握。
(4)翻译成汉语的无主句。例如：
例1. Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit.
应该尽最大努力告? nbsp|年轻人吸烟的危害，特别是吸上烟瘾后的可怕后果。
例2. By this procedure， different honeys have been found to vary widely in the sensitivity of their inhibit to heat.
通过这种方法分析发现不同种类的蜂蜜的抗菌活动对热的敏感程度也极为不同。
例4. Many strange new means of transport have been developed in our century， the strangest of them being perhaps the hovercraft.
在我们这个世纪内研制了许多新奇的交通工具，其中最奇特的也许就是气垫船了。
例5. New source of energy must be found， and this will take time?。
必须找到新的能源，这需要时间?
另外，下列结构也可以通过这一手段翻译：
It is hoped that ?希望?
It is reported that ?据报道?
It is said that ?据说?
It is supposed that ?据推测?
It may be said without fear of exaggeration that ?可以毫不夸张地说?
It must be admitted that ?必须承认?
It must be pointed out that ?必须指出?
It will be seen from this that ?由此可见?
(5)翻译成带表语的主动句。例如：
例1. The decision to attack was not taken lightly.
进攻的决定不是轻易作出的。
例2. On the whole such an conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence， but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared， and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.
总的来说，得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的，但必须具备两个条件：能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他比较的另一个孩子的态度相同;他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。
(注意上述翻译技巧在该句翻译中的综合运用。)
2.译成汉语的被动语态。英语中的许多被动句可以翻译成汉语的被动句。常用?被?， ?给?， ?遭?， ?挨?， ?为?所?， ?使?， ?由?， ?受到?等表示。例如：
例1. Early fires on the earth were certainly caused by nature， not by Man.
地球上早期的火肯定是由大自然而不是人类引燃的。
例2. These signals are produced by colliding stars or nuclear reactions in outer space.
这些讯号是由外层空间的星球碰撞或者核反应所造成的。
例3. Natural light or ?white? light is actually made up of many colours.
自然光或者?白光?实际上是由许多种颜色组成的。
例4. The behaviour of a fluid flowing through a pipe is affected by a number of factors， including the viscosity of the fluid and the speed at which it is pumped.
流体在管道中流动的情况，受到诸如流体粘度、泵送速度等各种因素的影响。
例5. They may have been a source of part of the atmosphere of the terrestrial planets， and they are believed to have been the planetesimal-like building blocks for some of the outer planets and their satellites.
它们可能一直是地球行星的一部分大气的来源。它们还被认为是构成外部行星以及其卫星的一种类似微星的基础材料。
例6. Over the years， tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.
工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。
例7. Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa (反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.
政府是以减少技术的经费投入来增加纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动的力量。
例8. The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time， and in any case， the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use.
石油的供应可能随时会被中断;不管怎样，以目前的这种消费速度，只需30年左右，所有的油井都会枯竭。
三、形容词译法
英语和汉语语言结构和表达习惯有很多差异之处，翻译时往往能死扣原文逐词逐句译出。下面拟谈谈形容词的翻译问题。
(一)、一些原义并无否定意思的形容词和别的词搭配，有时可译成否定句。
1.These goods are in short supply.
这些货物供应不足。
2.This equation is far from being complicated.
这个方程一定也不复杂。
(二)、为了使译文自然流畅，读起来顺口，在一些形容词前可根据上下文内容加上副词?很?、?最?等字。
1.It was as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.
这是我度过最愉快的一天。
2.It is easy to compress a gas.
气体很容易压缩。
(三)、有时可将英语的?形容词+名词短语?译成汉语的主谓结构。
1.She spoke in a high voice.
她讲话声音很尖。
2.This engine develops a high torque.
这台发动机产生的转矩很大。
(四)、如果一个名词前有几个形容词修饰，英译时应根据汉语习惯决定其顺序。
1.a large brick conference hall
一个用砖砌的大会议厅
2.a plastic garden chair
一把在花园里用的塑料椅子
(五)、英语中一些表示知觉、情感、欲望等心理状态的形容词，同连系动词构成复合谓语时，翻译时可将形容词译成动词。
1.You are ignorant of the duties you undertake in marrying.
你完全不懂你在婚姻方面承担的责任。
2.Such criticisms have become familiar in his later commentaries on America.
类似的批评在他后来写的评论美国的文章中屡见不鲜。
3.He is truly sorry for his past， and he has undertaken to give up motorcars entirely and for ever.
他诚恳地忏悔过去，并保证永远不再玩汽车。
(六)、由于语言习惯不同，英语里的形容词有时译成汉语副词。
1.I am going to be good and sweet and kind to every body.
我要对每一个人都亲切、温顺、和善。
2.He asked me for a full account of myself and family.
他详尽地问起我自己和我家里的情况。
3.Another war will be the absolute end of our country.
再来一次战争将彻底毁灭我们这个国家。
从以上几个方面可以看出，译好形容词是使译文通顺、流畅的一个环节
四、举例before和good具体译法
(一)连词before的含义是?在?以前?(previous to the time when)。在句法上，它引导状语从句。可见它的词义颇为单纯，功能比较专一。然而，由于汉英表达习惯的不同，在将before汉译时，其译法却多种多样。常见的有以下几种：
1，直译成?(在)?(以或之)前?。这时主句与before从句中的两个动作按时间先后依次发生。
Before I enter on the subject I have something to say.
在讨论这一问题之前，我有些话要说。
They led a miserable life before their hometown was liberated.
他们家乡解放前生活很苦。
2，译成?(后)?才?。副词?才?在汉语中表示某事发生得晚或慢。如果在含有before从句的复合句中，强调从句动作发生得晚或慢时，就可以应用这种译法。这里又有两种情况，一种是主句主语为名词或代词，另一种是主语与非人称it.
The train had left before he got to the station.火车开了他才到车站。
It seemed a long time before my turn came.似乎过了好大一会儿才轮到我。
3，连词before与barely， scarcely， hardly连用时还可译成?刚?就?。在汉语中，?就?强调事情发生得早或快。如果原文突出主句与从句的动作一前一后紧接着或几乎同时发生，即可用此译法。
英译汉常用的方法技巧
商务英语翻译必看技巧现如今，整个世界融为了一个整体，各个国家之间的贸易往来逐渐丰富，目前在国际间最通用的就是英语。商务英语要求翻译者更加的精确、对等，因为商务英语中会涉及到很多文件、条款等信息，所以必须要精确。只有这样才能达到双方活动的顺利进行。尤其在我国，中西方文化差异较大，更应该注意这方面的问题。一字之差就容易铸成大错。所以，做好商务英语的翻译工作尤为重要。
一、商务英语的文体特征
1.思维具有逻辑性，朴实无华
正式体英语的从句层次复杂，句子长度通常高于非正式英语。
长句分词、独立主格结构 的频繁使用是书面语体的典型特征，它们适合于表达多层次的复杂的逻辑关系，可以充分完 整地表达相互关联的意义，这种效果是短句无法达到的。
由于商务函电常要表示某些条款相 互成立、互为条件，或对某些一连串的具有因果关系的事件进行叙述，因此，这种语体就非 常适合这种要求。例如：
The work hereof shall be commenced in compliance with the construction work of Party A?s plant, and shall be completed within thirty days after the complete ion of Party A?s plant including the completion of inner part of the plant when the plant be in the condition that trial run for air conditioning mechanism is possible.?
这是某英文合同文体中的一个句子。这个诗歌并列句，句中主语是work，and连接两个谓 语(shall be commenced和shall be completed)。
2.频繁使用正式书面语体句型
2.表述简单清楚
商务英语是商务活动的工具，通过阅读文献可以发现：商务英语常用简洁、易懂、规范 、正式的词。
这一特点是由国际商务交际的性质决定的，因为国际商务交际非常讲究效益、 效率，使用常用的词语便于交易双方的理解和接受;修饰语少，内容上直截了当。
偏僻的词汇可能会增加双方沟通障碍，因而不受欢迎。
商务英语的词汇选择讲究精炼、严谨，很少使 用口语化的、非正式的、生僻、不规范的词或行话。
了解口语词语和书卷词语在文体风格上 的差异有助于实现语言交际的适合性和得体性。
3.模糊性的句法，善用祈使句?
商务英语要求准确完整、清楚简洁，但模糊语言的适当使用，能起到积极的效果。
语言的模糊性不仅仅体现在词义层面，还应是具体商务活动中句法所表达意义的模糊性。
采用模糊性句法并不代表缺乏语言能力，相反，它是语言交流的一个必不可少部分。
为提高商务英语的客观准确性，应避免将不确定的事实或数据表达得清楚完整;同样，出于商务谈判的外 交策略，某些观点也不宜太过具体和明确.
在某些场合适当地运用一些模糊表达，对调节贸 易双方紧张关系、缓和尴尬局面、进行自我保护等具有相当积极的意义。
由于函电涉及的双方为贸易伙伴，地位是平等的。
因此，一方如果希望另一方采取某种 行为，一般都不使用祈使句型,而用陈述句表示自己的愿望，至于对方是否采取这种行动则 留待对方定夺。
这种行文在商务函电中非常广泛。以下例句都起到了普通文体中祈使句的功 能，但它们的语气却十分委婉，能达到礼貌的效果。例如：?
It would be appreciated if you could send us your shipping instructions.
Your confirmation on this point would be appreciated.
在书面交际中，注意礼貌是很重要的。
为了体现礼貌原则，交际者常采用对方立场，以 示对对方的尊重和理解，从而使对方容易接受自己的主张。
因此，外贸信函中多用第二人称 (you) 或第二人称物主代词加名词 (your+ n) 作主语,少用第一人称 ( I , we) 作主语， 或常使用被动态，省略第一人称 ( I , we) 充当的行为主体。
二、商务英语的语言特点
1.擅长使用专业术语
这主要是由于商务英语涉及的是贸易、商务、营销财务等理论和实物都很强，呈现出的语言专业性也强。
对于一些比较熟悉的、经常要求用到的商务英语词汇的缩略词，如：提单bill of lading?B/L，世界银行the World Bank?WB，世界贸易组织 World Trade Organization.? WTO等等;有一些是economic policy 经济政策，holding com/#pany 控股公司，devaluation (货币)贬值等的常用词汇;还有一些是在商务贸易的发展过程中不断增加的词汇，consolidated debt 合并债务，TPL(第三方物流)，cyber-payment (电子支付)，这些新词丰富了商务英语的内容。
2.内容严谨结构复杂
用词要准确严谨，词语的意义与其使用的语境密切相连，并与其存在的文化息息相关。
语境不同，词汇的意义也有差别。译者在翻译的过程中选词要准确，概念表达要确切，数码与单位要精确?，要忠实、准确地将源语言的信息用目标语言表达出来，做到原文读者获得的'信息与译文读者获得的信息内涵相等。
商务英语中为了达到委婉表达的效果"往往多使用被动句"这与汉语的表达大不相同$因此" 英语被动句在译成汉语时不存在现成的对应表达方式"而需要依据汉语的习惯用法"从丰富的句式和辅助词语中挑选一些适当的手段来表现出原文的被动含义。
3.涉猎广范，具有实用性
商务英语的语言形式、词汇、以及内容等方面与专业知识密切相关，它承载着商务理论和商务实践等方面的信息，对专业词汇的精确使用是商务语言在词汇使用上的最大特点商务英语翻译常用技巧商务英语翻译常用技巧。
例如：sole license(排他性许可证)和exclusive license(独占性许可证)，两者各有精确的含义，不能随意交换使用。
前者表示在许可证交易中，技术受让方在协议有效期间，在协定的地区内，对许可证项下的技术具有独占权，不许授予第三方，只许在规定地区内使用该技术和出售该产品的许可证;而后者则表示，许可方不得再把同样内容的使用许可证协议受该地域内的任何第三方，就连许可人自己也不得在该地区使用该项技术(胡庚申，2001：154)。
又如：anti-dumping measures (反倾销措施)，quota-free products (非配额生产)investment in non-productive projects (非生产性投资)，clearance sale (清仓削价销售)，closed cargo (列入表定运费的货物)等等。
4.常使用缩略词
在商务英语翻译过程中所采用的译名、概念、术语等在任何时候都应保持统一。
不允许将同一概念或术语随意变换译名，不统一的译名必然造成误解，使读者对译文不知所云。
作为一名商务译者，对相关专业知识要有相当的了解，才不至于误译，给有关双方造成纠纷和损失。
在翻译的过程中要注意正确使用商务专业术语，缩略语及出现在不同领域中的专业新词语。
三、翻译方法
1.顺序翻译法
所谓顺译法就是按照原文的顺序组织译文。在商务英语中，当语句陈述的是一连串的动作并按发生的时间安排或逻辑关系排列时，此类语句与汉语的表达方式较一致"可按原文的顺序译出。
2.反译法
英汉两种语言结构存在很大差异。英语重心在前，汉语重心在后，汉语长句采用总结式。
多把信息点放在后面，越往后越重要。如果一个句子既有叙事又有表态"汉语就把叙事部分放在前。
表态部分放在后$英语则相反，常常把表态部分放在句首，译成汉语时则将其放在句末"从而形成反译，一些带有否定意义的词。
3.词义引申翻译法
词义引申翻译法，就是根据上下文的内在联系，通过句中词或词组乃至整句的字面意义由表及里，运用一些符合汉语习惯的表达法，选用确切的汉语词句，将原文内容的实质准确的表达出来。
从词义角度看，引申可分为抽象化引申和具体化引申。从句法层面来看，引申可分为逻辑引申、语用引申、修辞引申、概念范围的调整。
将词义做抽象化引申是指对原文中某些字面意义明确具体的词，采用汉语中的含义抽象、概括的词语来表达。
将此一具体化引申就是指，将代表抽象概念或者属性的词来表达一种具体事物的时候，用具体化的事物来表达，还其具体的本来面目，使读者一目了然。
逻辑引申就是在翻译的过程中，由于直译某个词、短语乃至整个句子会使译文不通顺以及不符合目的语的表达习惯，因而就要根据上下文的逻辑关系，对该词、短语或整个句子从其本意出发，由表及里，运用符合目的语习惯的表现法，选用确切的词句，将原文内容的实质准确的表达出来。
语义引申就是把原文中的弦外之音补益出来，就属于语用学引申的手法。
语用学是非语义学的语用意义，一般都不通过词汇、语法手段表示，它是非规约性的、潜在的;受话人凭借交际能力来理解这种语用意义，换句话说，它是结合交际对方、交际目的和交际情景，从说话人词语中引申出来的意义。
除此之外还有修辞引申、概念等引申的翻译方法。
4.凝练翻译法
商务英语中部分语句的结构复杂，信息量大，单凭一种方法很难翻译到位。
翻译这类语句时，要根据具体情况，理清修饰语和中心词的关系以及修饰语内部各个成分之间的关系。
把各种方法合理地综合运用、灵活处理，既忠实地再现原文内容，又保证译文通顺，表达准确，句子流畅。从语言特点上看，英语为形合，而汉语则为神合。
5.词类转换翻译法
转换是指商务英语翻译中语言的词性和表现方法的改变。
由于英语和汉语的表达习惯、句子结构和词的搭配关系都有差异，在翻译中往往难以做到词性和表现方法的一致。
为了适应译文语言的表达习惯和语法规则，在商务英语翻译中需要运用词类和表现方法的转换翻译技巧。
商务英语中为了达到委婉表达的效果，往往多使用被动句，这与汉语的表达大不相同。
因此，英语被动句在译成汉语时不存在现成的对应表达方式，而需要依据汉语的习惯用法，从丰富的句式和辅助词语中挑选一些适当的手段来表现出原文的被动含义。
四、商务英语翻译原则
1.翻译力求专业化
这主要是由于商务英语涉及的是贸易、商务、营销财务等理论和实物都很强，呈现出的语言专业性也强。
对于一些比较熟悉的、经常要求用到的商务英语词汇的缩略词，如：提单bill of lading?B/L，世界银行the World Bank?WB，世界贸易组织 World Trade Organization.? WTO等等;有一些是economic policy 经济政策，holding company 控股公司，devaluation (货币)贬值等的常用词汇;还有一些是在商务贸易的发展过程中不断增加的词汇，consolidated debt 合并债务，TPL(第三方物流)，cyber-payment (电子支付)，这些新词丰富了商务英语的内容。
2.翻译内容准确严谨
翻译实际上就是把信息以不同的语言再现出来，因此从事商务英语的翻译工作也要关注商务英语的翻译忠实性。
只有这样才能达到使双方明确地了解到其中的要求和原则，在此基础上所做的沟通才具有实质性的意义。
显而易见的是商务英语中出现的数字的翻译，是一个非常重要的内容，而且一旦翻译者出现疏忽就可能产生不可估量的损失。
在商务英语翻译中,要把源语言用准确、忠实的信息用目标语言所表达出来,并且能够让读者在阅读的时候,获得与原文内容相等的信息,也就是信息等值。
翻译者在翻译的过程中要用词准确、概念清晰,特别是单位和数码要精确,与其他的语言表达形式相比，商务英语更加注重内容的 准确和忠实,这样才能够使整个翻译达到使用的目的。
五、商务英语翻译的概括
商务英语涉及范围很广,包括的种类也十分多。大部分跟国际商务活动有关的例如：国际贸易、会计、金融等方面所用到的英语都属于商务英语的范围。
它涉及的领域主要包括对外贸易、招商引资、国际旅游、海外投资以及国际运输等方面。
除了领域广泛之外,它还包括许多专业的英语例如：广告英语、法律英语、应用文英语、包装英语等。
因此，伴随着国际贸易的范围不断的扩大，越来越多的人，开始加入到翻译的这一事业之中。
对商务英语的翻译,在很长时间以来备受关注,商务英语翻译工作也是一项十分复杂的工作,由于其用途的广泛性和特殊要性,就决定了商务英语的翻译工作不能仅仅局限于传统的翻译中务词汇和具有较好的商务语法基础,这些是一个翻译者应该具备的原则和技巧,不能仅仅依靠?信、达、雅?的翻译要求来完成商务英语的翻译工作,必须依照商务文件的愿意,把它翻译的既能清楚的表达意义,又能够符合商务双方的语言习惯商务英语翻译常用技巧职业英语。在翻译的过程中一定要从实际情况出发,做到具体问题具体分析。
六、总结
综上所述，商务英语有自己的语言特点，翻译时有自己的原则遵循。
词汇和句子是商务英语的基础要素,抓住商务英语词汇和句式上的特点,采取恰当的翻译方法,能有效规范商务英语的翻译,提高交流效率,进而更好地促进国际贸易和国际交流活动的发展。
进一步了解商务英语的语言特点与翻译原则有助于我们对商务英语的本质、功能进一步认识,并推动商务英语的学习与实际应用。
翻译商务英语文本时我们应从总体上把握,理论结合实际，从而有效的避免因为语言翻译失误而造成重大经济损失,把翻译工作做好。
商务英语涉及语言、交际技巧、商务知识、文化背景等因素,有其独特的语言特色。
词汇和句子是商务英语的基础要素,抓住商务英语词汇和句式上的特点,采取恰当的翻译方法,能有效规范商务英语的翻译,提高交流效率,进而更好地促进国际贸易和国际交流活动的发展。
进一步了解商务英语的语言特点与翻译技巧有助于我们对商务英语的本质、功能进一步认识,并推动商务英语的学习与实际应用。
;旅游增长知识知识英语小论文
英译汉常用的方法技巧在英译汉的过程中，有哪些好的方法与技巧呢?下面就和我一起来看看吧!
一、一词多义(Polysemy)
regular
regular reading / regular job / regular flight / regular visitor / regular speed / regular army / gasoline
delicate
delicate skin / porcelain / upbringing / living / health / stomach / vase / diplomatic question / difference / surgical operation / ear for music / sense of smell / touch / food
二、注意有线词的词义
He once again imparted to us his great knowledge, experience and wisdom.
He now saw plainly the meaning of all. In the beginning, he had got a job the first day; but now he was second-hand, a damaged article, and they did not want him. They had got the best out of him, and now they had thrown him away. The situation had now become desperate. Then came another incident.
三、词义的'引申(Extension or Generalization)
1) Extend the word meaning to cover an abstraction concept
His novel is a mirror of the times.
The OED is the final court of appeal in all matters concerning English words.
Sam knows he can depend on his family, rain or shine.
2) Extend the word meaning to cover a specific concept
In two years, he was a national phenomenon.
Public opinion is demanding more and more that something be done about noise.
Mary?s father, by his first marriage, had a daughter, Jane, Mary?s half-sister.
四、词义的褒贬(Commendatory and Derogatory)
The reckless driver died in the traffic accident.
Poor Joe?s panic lasted for two or three days; during which he did not visit the house.
It was time to hold a court and the subject for discussion was the future of that prisoner.
John was an aggressive salesman who did his job quite well.
The invaders met a stubborn resistance from the local people.
She was vexed by the persistent ringing of the phone.
Exercises
I have no opinion of that sort of man.
She put five dollars into my hand. ?You have been a great man today.?
I?m afraid you?re being too particular about your food.
I was the youngest son, and the youngest but two.
The picture flattered her.
The country not agreeing with her, she returned to England.
五、转译成动词
(一)名词转译动词(Convert nouns into verbs)
My admiration for him grew more.
He said he did not know whether Tom was ready for a showdown.
To some extent it gets into the question of the chicken or the egg.
The Nobel prizes in physics and chemistry were rewarded to Americans, giving the U.S. a clean sweep of all the 1976 Nobel prizes in the sciences.
Television is the transmission and reception of image of moving objects by radio waves.
In the absence of friction, the vehicle could not even be started.
Vietnamese War is a drain on American resources.
I am no drinker, nor smoker.
The application of electronic computers makes a tremendous rise in labor productivity.
(二)介词转译成动词(Convert prepositions into verbs)
There are many substances through which electric currents will not flow at all.
We are fortunate in our opponent.
Captain Ford was between the sheets by 9 last night.
The most he is after at this time is a chance to get more money.
I tried to talk him out of the idea, but he was unpleasant.
Millions of the people in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty.
?Coming!? Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.
(三)形容词转译成动词(Convert adjectives into verbs)
He said the meeting was informative.
They were news-hungry.
It was a very informative meeting.
(四)副词转译成动词(Convert adverbs into verbs)
The experiment in chemistry was ten minutes behind.
It has snowed over.
Why should we let in foreign goods when Americans walk the streets because they can?t sell their own goods?
六、转译成名词
(一)动词转译成名词(Convert verbs into nouns)
She knows what?s what.
They thought differently.
TV differs from radio in that it sends and receives pictures.
The computer is chiefly characterized by its accurate and rapid computations.
He roared, which threatened his enemies away.
The man I saw at the party looked and talked like an American.
(二)形容词转译成名词
The new treaty would be good for ten years.
The language of the poem is colloquial, yet it?s deep in its understanding of human emotions.
Then the monkeys were trained according to different plans so as to make them highly individualized.
Everyday experience shows us that heavy objects are more stable than light ones.
七、转译成形容词
名词转译成形容词
Their physical experiment was a success.
The nuclear power system designed in China is of great precision.
Said a New York bullion trader, ?The market?s gone banana.?
He found on this issue, as on Taiwan, an identity of approach.
In Europe, his name was well known, if not a household word.
八、其他词类转译
副词转译成名词
The air-conditioning unit is shown schematically on Page 2.
Oxygen is one of the important elements in the physical world, it is very active chemically.
The image must be dimensionally correct.
九、大量的英语被动句要化成汉语的主动句
1. He said the pact had now been reduced to less than a shadow.
2. She had no knowledge of this and had not been consulted on these reported plans.
3. What has just been written runs the risk of oversimplification.
4. Many voices have been raised demanding the setting up of an Arab common market.
十、以by为着眼点，进行多种译文
1. But real influence is not built up by striking attitude or by throwing insults.
2. Its sincerity is illustrated not only by its proposal but also by its deeds.
3. What I like best are the stern cliffs, with ranges of mountains soaring behind them, full of possibilities, peaks to be scaled only by the most daring.
4. Many expect that he will be outed by one of his rivals.
5. He said he was assured by the State Department that the U.S. is willing to normalize relations with his country.
十一、?it + be + p.p. + that clause?的句型，常以下列形式表达
1. It should be noted that he and she were academically more than just friends.
2. It should be understood that to err is human.
十二、汉译中需用被动式时，也最好多找一些字眼来取代?被?字
1. The visitor was flattered and impressed.
2. Everybody was fed up with her gossip.
3. He was set upon by two naked men.
4. If the expenditure is really necessary, the money can be found somehow.
5. He was released immediately after Batista fled Cuba.
十三、名词、动名词前增补动词
1. We often go to the school-run factory for labor.
2. Testing is a complicated problem and long experience is required for its mastery.
十四、英语抽象名词的翻译
1. He was still reluctant to talk substance.
2. Many changes take place during the transformation.
3. Her indifference kept all the visitors away from the exhibition hall.
4. From the evaporation of water people know that liquid can turn into gases under certain conditions.
十五、将具体形象的词译成该形象所具有的属性和特征，这是一种引申，需增词
1. It was a Godsend to him.
2. If you dare to play the fox with me, I?ll shoot you at once.
十六、增添?概括?性的词
1. He had slept there before, in July and again in October.
2. Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed health.
3. The government is doing its best to ease the tension in that area.
4. Proteins are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.
5. This report summed up the achievements in technology and education.
十七、英文中为避免重复而省略之词，汉译时需补上，作必要的重复
1. I hope that the meeting will not be too long, for it will only waste time.
十八、汉译文根据原文意思增加一些必要的解释性文字
1. And he launched into a speech, eloquently advocating his university of the future.
2. Those were the words that were to make the world blossom for, ?like Aaron?s rod, with flowers?.
十九、增补量词
1. Repeat the experiment using a wooden ruler, a piece of glass, a metal spoon, a coin, a piece of paper, a pin, a plastic comb, a key, a pencil, a tin lid and a rubber eraser.
2. On April 24th 1970, China successfully launched its first man-made earth satellite.
二十、增补表示复数含义的词
1. But that the old workers helped us, we should have failed.
2. The moving parts of a machine are often oiled so that friction may be greatly reduced.
;针对旅游英语翻译有什么好的方法
1. 旅游的小文章（英语）
Last summer vacation,my family and I went to Qingdao by train.There was always sunshine and fresh air,which made us so fortable.We went to the seaside,the sea was as blue as the sky,and bathing in the sunshine on the beach, was really an enjoyable thing.I also picked up a lot of colorful shells with my little sister.There we bought many interesting souvenirs,I was planing to send them to my friends.We ate many tings there,such as fish,prawn,and so on.They are very delicious.Then we lived in a clean and tidy hotel,and the price was not so expensive.I like Qingdao very much,and if I got a chance,I hope to e here again,it is such a beautiful and interesting place.
上个暑假，我和我的家人坐火车去了青岛。那里总是阳光明媚，空气也很清新，令人心情舒畅。我们去了海边，海水和天空一样的蓝，在沙滩上沐浴着阳光，是件很享受的事儿。我和妹妹还捡了好多五颜六色的贝壳。我们在这里买了好多有趣的纪念品，我打算送给我的朋友们。我们在这里吃到了很多东西，比如鱼，虾..真的很美味。
我们住在一个干净整洁的旅馆里，而且价格不是很昂贵。
我很喜欢这里，如果有机会我还希望可以再次去青岛，这个美丽有趣的地方。
2. 一篇关于旅游英语小短文
好像来晚了呀 不过还是给你参考参考 我自己写的 It was last National Holiday,I went to Shandong Province on my own with a travel agency.I really had a unforgotable holiday there. We took a ship there,the weather wasn't so great then,however,when we got to Yantai,it's evening.And we had a big dinner.I was tired that day,and fell asleep fast. The following day,we did some sightseeing in Yantai.The next day,we went to Confucius's home,it was just huge and amazing which I could never forget.pared with the home of Wang Xizhi,it was great. The third day was really tired for me,cuz we climbed Mount Tai.It was a rainy day,I put on raincoat.That was really hard for me. My trip to Shandong wasn't bad,I really enjoyed it. 希望楼主满意阿。
3. 关于旅游的英文文章
An orientation tour that begins with a drive around the Civic District past the Padang, Cricket Club, historic Parliament House, Supreme Court and City Hall. Stop at the MERLION PARK for great views of Marina Bay and a picture-taking opportunity with The Merlion, a mythological creature that is part lion and part fish. Visit THIAN HOCK KENG TEMPLE, one of Singapore's oldest Buddhist-Taoist temples, before driving past Chinatown to watch craft *** en at work at a LOCAL HANDICRAFT CENTRE. Proceed to the NATIONAL ORCHID GARDEN, located within Singapore Botanic Gardens, which boasts a sprawling display of 60,000 orchid plants. Our final stop at LITTLE INDIA will entrance you with the scent of joss sticks, ja *** ine and spices。
4. 旅游的好处 英语议论文
旅游的好处（The Advantages of Travel）
Whenever a college student is asked, "What are you going to do this summer
vacation?" The most probable answer might be "I am going to have a travel. " It
sounds that college students are fond of travelling. Why? Because travel has
numerous advantages.
First of all, travel can widen our knowledge of geography, the knowledge of
customs, cultures and lifestyles of different places and countries. Secondly, we
can make friends and practise a foreign language through travelling. Finally,
travel is the best way of pastime. We can enjoy eating various food and seeing
beautiful sceneries.
In a word, we can benefit from travel in more than one way. It is worth
spending the time.
旅游的好处
不管你什么时候问一个大学生这样一个问题：“今年暑假你要做什么？”他很可能这样回答：“我要去旅游。”听起来大学生们是喜欢旅游的。为什么呢？
因为旅游有许多好处。
首先，旅游可以扩大我们的地理知识以及扩大我们对不同地区不同国家的风俗、文化和生活方式方面的知识。其次，通过旅游我们可以交朋友、练外语。最后，旅游是消遣的最好方法，我们可以享受各种食品，观看美丽景色。
一句话，旅游的好处不止一个方面，花些时间是值得的。
5. 跪求旅游英语论文
随着旅游业的发展，在有些国家或地区旅游业甚至成为经济收入最大的支柱产业.旅游是经济、社会、文化等现象的综合反映，这一特性决定了旅游的发展必然给旅游地带来经济，环境，社会等一系列积极的影响。
发展旅游业，还能增长当地的就业机会，使更多的人有业可从，解决了社会中就业的一大难题，降低社会制安事件的发生频率.同时， 各地游客的进入， 增长了当地居民和外地人的接触和交往， 促进了相互间的文化交流， 扩大了视野， 提高了文化素养.发展国内旅游业还可以促进其他产业的发展.旅游业的发展能 *** 旅游者的消费，从而可以形成和扩大新的消费市场。 旅游对经济环境的有利影响是最为显著的，旅游业和其他产业相比，是一个投资少，见效快，无污染 的产业，同时，旅游业还能带动其他产业的发展，这就使旅游业对于该地区国民经济收入具有重大的意义. 旅游业对生态环境也有明显的有利影响.随着旅游业的日益发展，不断地开发旅游资源，其中有不少旅游资源原来就存在一些生态问题，，在旅游资源开发中，便可采取旅游生态建设和污染治理的措施，使开发出来的旅游资源比原来的生态环境质量更高，即旅游开发美化了生态环境.旅游业还能保持生态环境.旅游资源开发出来进入利用阶段，若能科学地管理，能使当地生态环境进入良性循环. 发展国内旅游业对于激发人民的爱国主义热情，增进人们的身体健康，提高生活质量具有较大的作用。
旅游者游览祖国锦绣山河和名胜古迹，对其开阔眼界，陶冶情操，扩大信息交流，增强身心健康都有积极的作用。尤其是在青少年中开展爱国主义教育，国内旅游发挥的作用更为明显。
再次，发展内旅游还可以促进思想观念的更新，从而提高人民的素质。国内旅游发展所形成的游客流是信息流、观念流的载体。
这些信息、观念、思维、生活方式的传播，可以起着打破当地封闭保守思想、引发思维观念更新的作用。强化人们之间的思想文化交流，更新思想观念，其意义比因发展旅游所获得的经济效益要深远得多。
国内旅游业无论对于社会主义物质文明还是精神文明建设都有十分重要的促进作用。因此，发展国内旅游业应当引起社会各界特别是旅游界的充分重视。
当然，有好处就会有坏处。在旅游食宿措施的建设过程中，水、电及其他能源供应的絮乱，费水、废气、垃圾的处理不及时等都可能对生态环境形成污染。
在经济利益的驱使下，不少旅游地超负荷接待游客，或乱建滥造旅游措施，而使得一些有珍贵历史文化价值的古迹或独特、协调的自然、人文景观遭受破坏 新手，没分，不好意思。
愿意的帮一下，谢谢 旅游区的旅游气氛环境是由当地的自然环境，以及反映当地历史、地方或民族气息的环境烘托出来的，这其中，当地的环境和文化以及历史起了很大的作用。游客在欣赏大自然美景中，也要注意遵守社会公德。
游客自身也是风景的组成部分，不文明的行为举止不仅会玷污美丽的风景，也会破坏他人游览时的心情。和谐是大家共同的心声，为了让人人都能尽其游兴，每一名游客都不能放纵自己，应多一份谦让，多一份风度，营造一个彼此友善、相互谦让的良好旅游氛围。
With the development of touri *** in some countries or regions or even bee a touri *** ine of the largest pillar industry. Touri *** is the economic, social and cultural phenomena, such as a prehensive reflection of this decision features of the development of touri *** is bound to bring touri *** to the economy , The environment, a series of positive social impact. The development of touri *** , but also increase local employment opportunities so that more people from the industry has to address the social employment in one of the major problems and reduce the social security system, the frequency of incidents. At the same time, all over the tourists to enter, an increase of Local residents and outside contacts and exchanges to promote mutual cultural exchanges and expand the vision to improve the culture. The development of domestic touri *** can promote the development of other industries. Development of the touri *** industry can stimulate the growth of tourist spending, Thus the formation of a new and expanding consumer market. Touri *** on the beneficial effects of the economic environment is the most significant, touri *** and other industries, the investment is a *** all, effective, non-polluting the industry, at the same time, touri *** can promote other industries Development, which makes the region for touri *** revenue of the national economy is of great significance. Eco-touri *** on the environment is a clear positive impact. With the increasing development of the touri *** industry, continuous development of touri *** resources, touri *** resources, many of which are original to the existence of a number of ecological problems in the development of touri *** resources, can take eco-touri *** And the 。
6. 以"旅游报告"为题写一篇英语作文
Travelling is also one of the best means for learning. You may have read or heard about something but you can never get an accurate picture of it until you see it for yourself. Seeing is believing. Furthermore, if you area careful observer, you can learn much during your travel about the geography, biology, and history of the places you visit. No matter how well educated you are, there is always a lot for you to learn through travelling. The knowledge acquired from travel, as you will have found in your life, is no less valuable than that from any influential reference book.
旅行也是最好的学习方法之一。你可能看过或者听说过某些事物的报道，但只有当你亲眼看到这些事物时你才能获得准确的信息。眼见为实。此外，如果你是一个细心的观察者，在你的旅行过程中你会学到许多有关当地的地理、生物和历史方面的知识。不管你接受过多好的教育，通过旅行总是可以让你学到更多。你会发现在旅行中获得的知识在你的生活中并不比来自任何一本有影响力的参考书上的价值小。
7. 求一篇关于旅游的英文文章关于旅游的英文文章,最好中英对照的,中
Wanbao Hill Sightseeing Farm Located by the side of Guankouken inner road of No。
324 national highway in Jimei District, the Wanbao Hill Sightseeing Farm covers an area of 500 mu。 As the field is not very high, tourists can easily get into the orchard to look around。
All year around fruit trees are planted in the garden for picking and tasting by the tourists in any month。 There are lichee, longan, citrus fruits, carambola, persimmon, mango, strawberry, peaches, plums and more。
The farm is also equipped with a fishing pound, barbecue areas, camping areas, farming areas, refreshment rooms and a restaurant for customers' convenience and to meet their special interests。 Further more, a holiday villa within the farm can provide lodging and all kinds of entertainments。
8. 急求英语小作文一篇,200字左右,关于旅游的
last year ,I went to Beijing I love there The summer Places is to beautiful and we went to Wangfujing though there are lots of people in there and the things are too expensive ,most people buy things in there.I bought a pair of beautiful shoes in there.I love Beijing .This too beautiful！ 文章大意：去年，我去了北京，我喜欢那里。
颐和园的景色非常美，我们还去了王府井。虽然那里有很多人，而且东西都很贵，但是许多人还是在那里购物。
我在那里买了一双很漂亮的鞋子。
.我爱北京！那里很美。
9. 关于旅游的英文的毕业论文.知道的朋友告诉我一下,谢谢
二、旅游英语翻译的几种方法 解释是指增加的部分是对字' 词' 句的字面意思的解释% 如花港观鱼） Hua Gang Guan Yu"Viewing Fish at Flower Harbor* "孤山） Gushan"Solitary Hill* "紫来洞） Zilai Cave"Purple Source Cave* %# 西安古称长安$可译成# Xi'an was called Chang'an"or+everlasting peace,in ancient times$"& 天安门$可译成& Tian'anman"the Gate of Heavenly Peace$"这样的译法将名称与其含义联系起来"便于外国游客记忆"加深他们的印象"增加他们的游兴%又如"& 端午节那天"人们都要吃棕子$可以译为& During the Dragon Boat Festival, or the Duanwu Festival (which falls on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month), it is a mon practice to eat zongzi, which is a rice pudding wrapped up with reed leaves$%& 大乘寺坐北朝南"院墙按八卦建造$ 可以译为& The Great Vehicle Temple faces south with its walls shaped after the Eight Diagrams) binations of three whole or broken lines formerly used in divination* $% 八卦是我国古代的一套符号"用于占卜% 一般的中国人都不知道八卦"何况外国游客% 所以此处务必加以解释%在旅游英语翻译中采用类比的手法常常有喜人的效果% 如把杭州历史人物西施比作Chinese Cleopatra"将民间人物月下老人译作Chinese Cupid% 浙江兰溪一个济公纪念馆介绍济公事迹的英译文"也是采用类比的方法%中文为& 济公劫富济贫"深受穷苦人民爱戴$"其英译为& Jigong, Robin Hood in China, robbed the rich and helped the poor, he was loved by the poor people$"由于采用了& 以此比彼$的手法拉近了外国游客与中国文化的距离！使他们产生亲近感！激发他们的游兴"增加与解释不同！是指为了更好地理解某字#词#句而添加的相关知识和背景资料" 中国悠久历史中有许多著名事件！英雄人物！典故传奇等" 旅游资料中经常提到的许多风景名胜往往与他们有关！不增加说明！一般外国游客就无法理解" 如！$ 绍兴是越瓷的产地%的英译文是$ Shaoxing is the home of Yue Porcelains. Yue is a state name used to refer to the Shaoxing region in ancient China%" 在此！译文增加了一个句子来解释$ 越%这个专有名称" 又如！$ 林边有一洞！叫白龙洞" 传说& 白蛇传' 的白娘子曾在此修炼%的英文翻译为$ Near the forest is the White Dragon Cave which is said to be the very place where Lady White, the legendary heroine of the Story of the White Snake, cultivated herself according to Buddhist doctrine%"这句如果没有添加！外国游客虽然也能看懂！但会产生怀疑！白蛇娘娘在这么小的洞里怎样来修炼呢（ 有了这些添加之后！他们方能正确地理解原文！原来修炼一事纯属传说"有时候！在翻译旅游资料中！删减是十分必要的" 因为大多数外国游客阅读这些资料都是为了了解中国的风土人情！增加一些旅游兴趣" 中国人在写事状物时喜欢引经据典！摘录名人名言或古诗加以验证" 中国读者读了会加深印象！从中得到艺术享受与美感！而在外国旅游者看来似乎是画蛇添足"如介绍青岛的旅游资料中有这么一段文字"$） 烟水苍茫月色迷！渔舟晚泊栈桥西" 乘凉每至黄昏后！人依栏杆水拍堤" *这是古人赞美青岛海滨的诗句" 青岛是一座风光秀丽的海滨城市！夏无酷暑！冬无严寒" 西起胶州湾入海处的团岛！东至崂山风景区的下清宫！绵延80 多华里的海滨组成了一幅绚烂多彩的长轴画卷" %其译文为$ Qingdaoisa charmingcoastal city,whosebeautyoftenappears inpoetry. It isnothot insummeror cold inwinter. The 40- km- longscenic line begins fromTuan Island at thewest end toXiaqingTemple ofMount Xaoat the east end%" 译者将古诗全部删除！但不影响译文读者对原文中其他部分的理解！而译文中第一句正是对前面古诗简洁的概括" 再看一段描写桂林地区景区之一兴坪的文字"$ 这些山峰！连同山上绿竹翠柳！岸边的村民农舍！时而化入水中！时而化入天际！真是） 果然佳胜在兴坪*" %其译文为$ These hills and the green bamboo and willows and farmhouse *** erge with their reflections in the river and lead visitors to a dreamy world%" 这段文字最后一句诗句英语译为$ and lead visitors toa dreamyworld%！虽没有正面译出兴坪的美景！它对名游译文却将读者引入梦幻般的奇境！反而烘托出兴坪吸引游客的特点" 再譬如！$ 观光层高达263 米！是岛瞰全市景色的最佳处所！当风和日丽时！举目远望！佘山金山！崇明岛隐隐可见！真有） 登泰山而小天下*之感%" 其译文为$ The observation deck, 263meters high, is the best place toget a bird's- eye- view of the city. On a sunny day, the deck mands an indistinct view of Mount Sheshan, Mount Jishan and the Chongming Island far, far away. Standingon the deck, one gets the feelingthat theworld is belittled%" 以上的这段译文中删除了引自& 论语'中的一句话！$ 登泰山而小天下%" 原文中引用此语无非是形容电视塔之高！如果要将$ 泰山%译出必然要加注！否则外国游客很难将它与电视塔。
消费用英语翻译一下
旅游英语是旅游涉外行业从业者所使用的职业性专用英语。在旅游英语的文献材料中，涉及东西方传统文化和风土人情的译介，加之英汉两种语言存在巨大的差异，所以旅游英语文献的翻译存在许多的方法和技巧，特别是将中国传统文化译成英语过程中。
中国已经成为世界上最重要的旅游接待国之一，更重要的是凭借着丰富的旅游资源，良好的市场区位和迅速发展的社会经济，在未来的一段时间里，中国旅游业仍将保持较高的增长速度。而中国传统文化和旅游名胜向外国友人的介绍无疑要通过翻译。旅游英语作为旅游管理专业的一门课程也受到重视。
1翻译方法在旅游英语文献中应用
初探
旅游英语文献中所介绍的中国文化方面涵盖历史、建筑、中医、宗教、戏曲、书法、茶酒、武术、气功等等方面，这些都是中国文化的丰富内涵。由于文化的差异和语言的不同，兼着中国文化的博大精深，使得中国文化、风土人情和景区景点介绍转换成旅游英语资料时翻译的介入成为必要。该文从专有名词，节日文化，饮食文化，地名书名，谐音文化及著名诗词的中文英译几个方面，对旅游英语翻译问题方法进行初步探讨。
1.1旅游英语专有名词的翻译方法
要理解文章内容，离不开翻译，在此过程中，肯定要涉及翻译理论和技巧。旅游活动涉及食、宿、游、购、娱和文化。一些和旅游文化有关的名词的翻译是要注意提醒和强调的，通常有以下几种翻译方法：
音译：Liulichang琉璃厂，Tangzhuang唐装；
音译＋意译：YuyuanBazaar豫园商城，HuangpuRiver黄浦江；
意译：theSpringFestival春节，thepalmleaffan蒲扇；
曲译：theLanternFestival元宵节，theDragonBoatFestival端午节；
音译和意译同时并存：YushanorFatherfan羽扇，Qipaoorbannerdress旗袍。译法灵活由此可见一斑。
1.2曲译在中国传统文化翻译中的应用
“翻译就是理解和使人理解。”这里特别提一下曲译，这涉及到东西方文化的差异问题。
中国传统节日名字的翻译。元宵节和端午节都是中国传统的节日，含有丰富的历史文化内涵。元宵节大家都吃元宵，象征着团圆和吉祥，西方却没有，因而在英语中没有对应的词汇，一般音译做Yuanxiao；但是元宵节有观赏花灯的习俗，英语中有Lantern即灯笼一词，所以元宵节通常翻译为theLanternFestival，即灯节。这样翻译的目的是让外国友人容易理解和记忆，不至于面对名字不知所以然。从这些知识点小地方我们看到了不同文化之间的差异、碰撞和交流。
饮食文化涉及到菜名的翻译。中国菜名中的一些非常诗意的元素，用英文实在无法体现出来，只好曲译，即把做菜的原料意译出来，故变得平白无味美感尽失。例如白云凤爪chickenleg，鸳鸯馒头shanghaibuns。
1.3重要地名或书名的翻译方法
比如布达拉宫，英语是thePotalaPalace.Potala音译即布达拉，是佛教中菩萨的所在地，即浙江普陀山。Potala和普陀发音相似。以上是关于名词名称的一些翻译法的剖析和介绍。
1.4古建筑名称谐音文化如何经由翻译
体现
著名翻译家提出的翻译标准，有严复的“信、达、雅”，鲁迅的“宁信而不顺”，林语堂的“忠实、通顺、美”，傅雷的“神似”，钱钟书的“化境”，等等。在景区景点旅游英语中也常会遇到这种情况，这时候就需要把它准确的还原成汉语。
中华玉器文化涉及到汉语言的谐音文化，这是英语中没有的。例如旅游文献中有句话是：“Batsandguardswereoftenusedasabasisformorethan100patternsbecausetheChinesewordsforbatandgourdsoundlikegoodfortuneintheChineselanguage.”在汉语中“蝙蝠”之“蝠”与“福”谐音，而“葫芦”之“芦”与“禄”谐音；福禄是三喜中的两喜，有着“幸福美满，加官进爵”的吉祥寓意，所以蝙蝠和葫芦多见于玉器的基本花样和图案，中国人一看即明白。而这句英语只以“goodfortune”泛泛的加以解释，外国人并不能明白其中的美好意味，体会不到中国语言文化之美。这些例子还有很多，这里不再赘述。
1.5旅游英语中的诗歌翻译方法
旅游文献中介绍中国著名的风景名胜历史文化时会引用一些耳熟能详的古代诗词，这就涉及到诗歌翻译的问题。例如导游带领外国游客游览庐山时，来到花径。花径相传是唐代诗人白居易咏诗《大林寺桃花》的地方。白居易被贬任江洲司马时，于公元816年登庐山游览。时值暮春，山下桃花已落而此处却桃花盛开，白居易有感吟诗一首《大林寺桃花》，中有：“人间四月芳菲尽，山寺桃花始盛开。”这句诗翻译成英文就是：“ThefragranceinthehumanworldhaswitheredintheApril，whileflowersinthemountainareinfullbloom”。英语汉语两种语言中都存在诗歌这种独特的文体，但是英汉诗歌文体各有特色，文体并不对应，这句名诗的翻译保留了诗歌平衡句式，主要意译。
2结语
中国景区景点文化内涵的翻译，不仅仅涉及一种外语的学习，更涉及到一种语言到另一种语言的转换，一种文化向另一种文化的介绍，这时翻译和文化差异的碰撞是不可避免的出现的，也使得翻译知识的介绍成为必要。该文主要从五个方面介绍和分析旅游英语文献涉及的翻译技巧和方法，帮助读者进一步的了解英汉两种语言的差异和思维方式的不同，和东西方文化的极大差别，并认识各自独到之处。
consumption消费
畅通: [ chàng tōng ]
1. (adj) unclogged; unimpeded; free-flowing
2. (v)move without being impeded
例句与用法:
1. 新的道路系统可使车辆在任何时候都畅通无阻.
The new road system permits the free flow of traffic at all times.
2. 道路[通道]畅通吗?
Is the way/passage free?
3. 保持交通畅通无阻.
Keep the traffic flowing.
4. 警方使来往车辆畅通无阻。
The police kept a clear passage for the traffic.
